Throughout the Earth history the natural environment has been changing (e.g. climate, ecosystems). The analysis of the fast evolution of the global environment is essential to assess the anthropogenic effects on the Earth system and to predict the expected responses. Biogeochemical analyses or remote sensing studies provide numerous data on the history of the Earth system. Mathematical models (simple process-oriented to complex, integrated numerical models) are essential for analyzing system dynamics and the responses to anthropogenic forcing. The IMPRS-ESM contributes to the development of a hierarchy of Earth system models and provides tools towards a responsible and sustainable management of the Earth system.

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